{
  "query": "heat transfer",
  "architecture": "arch-0.3-bge",
  "retrieval": "workers-ai-bge-query-embedding + opensearch-knn-hybrid",
  "embeddingModel": "@cf/baai/bge-base-en-v1.5",
  "vectorWeight": 0.7,
  "index": "cranfield-v0-bge-base-en-v15-gen023",
  "resultCount": 10,
  "latencyMs": 601,
  "results": [
    {
      "id": "398",
      "score": 0.9764,
      "title": "heat transfer in turbulent shear flow .",
      "abstract": "heat transfer in turbulent shear flow . the problems of heat transfer in turbulent shear flow along a smooth wall are discussed from the point of view of von karman's well-known 1939 paper on the analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer . methods for extending the analysis to higher prandtl numbers are suggested ."
    },
    {
      "id": "623",
      "score": 0.7945,
      "title": "on the coupling between heat and mass transfer .",
      "abstract": "on the coupling between heat and mass transfer . in mixtures of two different gases or liquids, one constituent will migrate spontaneously toward the warmer parts, and the other toward the colder parts . this phenomenon, known as the soret effect, and its converse the dufour effect, were discovered as early as 1856 and 1873 respectively . the two effects can also be considered as a simultaneous transport of mass and heat, or as a coupling between heat and mass transfer . the effects of this coupling have been neglected in all investigations of heat transfer in multicomponent flow systems so far, on the a priori assumption that they are small . in a recent publication however, it was shown that they can be large in laminar-boundary-layer-type flows with helium injection . turbulent-boundary-layer measurements and an analysis conducted at the heat transfer laboratory clearly showed significant effects of the coupling on heat transfer and adiabatic wall temperature . from additional measurements, the results of which are presented below, it is possible to separate the heat flux at the model wall into one part depending on the temperature gradient and a second part caused by the coupling . it is shown that the latter exceeds the former, and hence the coupling may not be neglected a priori without careful consideration ."
    },
    {
      "id": "959",
      "score": 0.7878,
      "title": "heat transfer in separated flows .",
      "abstract": "heat transfer in separated flows . results of an experimental heat-transfer investigation in regions of separated flow are presented and compared with the theoretical analysis of naca tn 3792 . the average heat transfer for both laminar and turbulent separated boundary layers was found to be from 35 to 50 per cent less than that for equivalent attached boundary layers . the overall scope of the measurements included mach numbers from 0.3 to 4.0 and reynolds numbers from 10 to 4 x 10 . the results for laminar boundary layers agree well with the analysis of tn 3792 . the results for turbulent boundary layers, however, disagree considerably . results of velocity and temperature surveys in the separated turbulent boundary layer are presented and partially explain the discrepancy between the experiments and analysis . the maximum local heat-transfer rates were found to occur in the reattachment region of the separated boundary layers investigated . the effect of transition on heat transfer in the separated laminar boundary layers is described and data showing effects of mach number and wall temperature on the transition reynolds number of separated laminar flows are also included ."
    },
    {
      "id": "872",
      "score": 0.7735,
      "title": "fundamentals of boundary layer heat transfer with streamwise temperature variations .",
      "abstract": "fundamentals of boundary layer heat transfer with streamwise temperature variations . boundary-layer heat transfer is analyzed for the case of a sinusoidal distribution of temperature in the direction of flow . it is shown that for both laminar and turbulent flow the spatial distribution of heat transfer is generally out of phase with the wall temperature by an angle of 30 to 45 . this leads to the conclusion that in some areas the heat flow is opposite to the temperature difference as used in the definition of the heat-transfer coefficient, and points to the basic shortcomings of this concept . the physical explanation for this behavior is found to be the temperature-field distortion by the fluid motion . the distortion is measured by the peclet number . approximate equations representing a /conduction analogy/ were used in this analysis and the validity of these equations for unsteady flow is examined with reference to limitations in frequency and wavelength . a solution of these equations is given for the case of a velocity profile which is not a straight line . the use of previously developed variational principles for the evaluation of convective heat transfer including cases of three-dimensional unsteady flow, turbulence, and nonparallel streamlines is also discussed ."
    },
    {
      "id": "120",
      "score": 0.7555,
      "title": "measurement of convective heat transfer by means of the reynolds analogy .",
      "abstract": "measurement of convective heat transfer by means of the reynolds analogy . preston's method for measuring skin friction in pipes has been extended to include non-uniform flow, with and without pressure gradients, over flat surfaces . by means of a modified form of the reynolds analogy, the local convective heat transfer coefficient can be related to the skin friction, and it is proposed that the method be used in aerodynamic models of furnaces and in heat transfer plant of simple geometry . more investigations are required of the effects of fluid turbulence, surface roughness and surface curvature on convective heat transfer and skin friction ."
    },
    {
      "id": "564",
      "score": 0.4989,
      "title": "local heat transfer and recovery temperature on a yawed cylinder at a mach number of 4. 15 and high reynolds numbers .",
      "abstract": "local heat transfer and recovery temperature on a yawed cylinder at a mach number of 4. 15 and high reynolds numbers . local heat transfer, equilibrium temperatures, and wall static pressures have been measured on a circular cylinder at yaw angles of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 60 . the reynolds number range of the tests was from 1x10 to 4x10 based on cylinder diameter . increasing the yaw angle from 0 to 40 increased the stagnation-line heat-transfer coefficients by 100 to 180 percent . a further increase in yaw angle to heat-transfer coefficients . at zero yaw angle the boundary layer over the entire front half of the cylinder was laminar but at yaw angles of 40 and 60 it was evidently completely turbulent, including the stagnation line, as determined by comparison of local heat-transfer coefficients with theoretical predictions . the level of heating rates and the nature of the chordwise distribution of heat transfer indicated that a flow mechanism different from the conventional transitional boundary layer may have existed at the intermediate yaw angles of 10 and 20 . at all yaw angles the peak heat-transfer coefficient occurred at the stagnation line and the chordwise distribution of heat-transfer coefficient decreased monotonically from this peak . the average heat-transfer coefficients over the front half of the cylinder are in agreement with previous data for a comparable reynolds number range . the theoretical heat-transfer distributions for both laminar and turbulent boundary layers are calculated directly from simple quadrature formulas derived in the present report ."
    },
    {
      "id": "873",
      "score": 0.4776,
      "title": "lagrangian thermodynamics of heat transfer in systems including fluid motion .",
      "abstract": "lagrangian thermodynamics of heat transfer in systems including fluid motion . the lagrangian thermodynamic equations of irreversible processes are extended to convective heat transfer . this generalization provides equations for the unified analysis of transient heat flow in complex systems comprising solid structures and moving fluids in either laminar or turbulent flow . the concept of a surface-heat-transfer coefficient is eliminated from the formulation . the theory is developed along two different lines . in one approach a new concept referred to as the /trailing function/ is introduced . it represents the surface-heat-transfer properties and may be evaluated by quite simple but remarkably accurate variational procedures . the method of /associated fields/ is also generalized to convective phenomena . the second line of approach extends to convective heat transfer the thermodynamic concept of entropy production for both laminar and turbulent flow . the theory amounts to an extension of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes to systems for which onsager's relations are not valid ."
    },
    {
      "id": "142",
      "score": 0.4537,
      "title": "the problem of aerodynamic heating .",
      "abstract": "the problem of aerodynamic heating . paper is a good review of knowledge to date on convective heat transfer to objects moving through air at low and high speeds . theoretical and experimental information is given on recovery factors and heat-transfer coefficients for isothermal surfaces of unswept flat plates, wedges and cones with attached shock waves, and stagnation points of blunt bodies of revolution, for both laminar and turbulent boundary layers . a convenient nomograph for calculating flat plate turbulent boundary-layer heat-transfer coefficients is given . effects of surface cooling, surface roughness, and supply stream turbulence on transition are discussed and shown graphically ."
    },
    {
      "id": "554",
      "score": 0.4432,
      "title": "generalized heat transfer formulas and graphs .",
      "abstract": "generalized heat transfer formulas and graphs . utilizing the research results of previously reported investigations of the laminar, turbulent and radiative heat transfer in dissociated air, some generalized formulas for calculating heat transfer are given . graphs for determining the laminar heat transfer, momentum thickness reynolds number, and turbulent heat transfer distributions around an axisymmetric body are also given . these heat transfer correlations are valid for velocities between 6000 and 26,000 fps and for altitudes up to 250,000 ft . this range of velocities and altitudes covers the important re-entry regime of practical re-entry trajectories having interest today . in the last section of this report these generalized results are specialized for icbm nose cone re-entry applications . these formulas and graphs may be found useful for making rapid engineering estimates and preliminary design evaluations of the heating problems associated with re-entry into earth's atmosphere ."
    },
    {
      "id": "378",
      "score": 0.4272,
      "title": "engineering relations for friction and heat transfer to surfaces in high velocity flow .",
      "abstract": "engineering relations for friction and heat transfer to surfaces in high velocity flow . in calculations of thermodynamic heating for high speed missiles parameters have been used based on relationships which hold for constant-property fluids . the validity of this procedure has been verified recently in a survey of heat transfer in which a relationship for the reference temperature was developed . a calculation procedure for laminar and turbulent boundary layers, based on this relationship, is given ."
    }
  ],
  "explain": {
    "stages": [
      {
        "stage": "query-embedding",
        "detail": "@cf/baai/bge-base-en-v1.5 via Workers AI, retrieval prefix applied"
      },
      {
        "stage": "vector-knn",
        "detail": "kNN over cranfield-v0-bge-base-en-v15-gen023 bge_embedding (k=50)"
      },
      {
        "stage": "lexical",
        "detail": "field-sum over title+abstract"
      },
      {
        "stage": "hybrid-blend",
        "detail": "min-max linear blend, vectorWeight 0.7"
      }
    ],
    "liveTechnique": "bge-vector-hybrid (runtime query embedding)",
    "offlineValidatedNdcgAt10": 0.3533
  },
  "milestone": {
    "id": "arch-0.3-bge",
    "label": "ARCH-0.3 candidate BGE vector hybrid",
    "searchEvolutionId": "SE-0003",
    "architectureVersion": "ARCH-0.3-candidate",
    "architecture": "bge-vector-hybrid",
    "status": "candidate-runtime-enabled-with-workers-ai",
    "resultSummary": {
      "ndcgAt10": 0.3533,
      "binaryNdcgAt20": 0.4926
    },
    "remoteIndex": "cranfield-v0-bge-base-en-v15-gen023",
    "validatedArtifacts": [
      "experiments/cranfield-v0/evaluation-live-opensearch-bge-base-en-v15-gen023.json",
      "experiments/cranfield-v0/evaluation-live-opensearch-bge-base-en-v15-k20-binary-gen023.json"
    ]
  }
}